Lot and batch traceability
This is the genealogy of what you make. It records which raw-material lot went into which finished batch, which batch shipped on which order, and which customer received it. It usually lives inside an ERP, MES or quality system and is built around recalls and regulation.
In the United States that means rules such as the FDA Food Traceability Rule under FSMA Section 204 for foods on the Food Traceability List, and the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) for prescription drugs. Lot traceability answers one question very well: what was in it?